Profile of Joseph Lister, Father of Modern Surgery

English surgeon Joseph Lister  (April 5, 1827–February 10, 1912), Baron Lister of Lyme Regis, is considered the father of modern surgery for his  work developing sterilization procedures that saved countless lives. Lister pioneered the use of carbolic acid for sanitizing operating rooms and employed antiseptic surgical procedures to prevent deadly postoperative infections. Early Years Born on April 5, 1827 in Essex, England, Joseph Lister was the fourth of seven children born to Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabella Harris. Listers parents were devout Quakers, and his father was a successful wine merchant with scientific interests of his own: he invented the first achromatic microscope lens, an endeavor that earned him the honor of being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. The young Listers love for science grew as he became fascinated with the microscopic world introduced to him by his father. Lister decided at an early age that he wanted to become a surgeon and thus prepared for this eventual career by delving into science and mathematics subjects at the Quaker schools he attended in London.   After entering the University of London in 1844, Lister earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1847 and a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery in 1852. Listers achievements during this time included serving as house surgeon at the University College Hospital of the University of London and being selected as a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. Research and Personal Life In 1854, Lister went to the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary in Scotland to study under the famous surgeon James Syme. Under Syme, Listers professional and personal life flourished: he met and married Symes daughter, Agnes, in 1856. Agnes was  invaluable as a wife and partner, assisting Joseph with  his medical research and laboratory experiments. Joseph Listers research was centered on inflammation and its impact on wound healing. He published a number of papers regarding muscle activity in the skin and eyes, coagulation of blood, and blood vessel engorgement during inflammation. Listers research led to his appointment as Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow in 1859. In 1860, he was named a Fellow of the Royal Society. Implementation of Antisepsis By 1861, Lister was leading the surgical ward at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. During this time in history, surgery was performed only when absolutely necessary due to high death rates associated with infections. With little understanding of how germs like bacteria caused disease, surgical procedures were regularly performed in  unsanitary conditions. In an attempt to combat wound infections, Lister began to employ cleanliness techniques used by Florence Nightingale and others. This process involved keeping the environment clean, changing dressings, and washing hands. However, it was not until he read the works of  Louis Pasteur that Lister began to link germs with surgical wounds. While Lister was not the first to suggest that microorganisms were the cause of hospital associated diseases or that infections could be reduced through antiseptic methods, he was able to marry these ideas and effectively implement treatment for wound infections. In 1865, Lister began using carbolic acid (phenol), a substance used in sewage treatment, as an antiseptic to treat compound fracture wounds. These injuries were commonly treated by amputation, as they involved penetration of the skin and significant tissue damage. Lister used carbolic acid for hand washing and treatment of surgical incisions and dressings. He even developed an instrument for spraying carbolic acid into the air in the operating room. Lifesaving Antiseptic Success Listers first success case was  an eleven year old boy who had suffered injuries from a horse cart accident. Lister employed antiseptic procedures during treatment, then found that the boys fractures and wounds healed without infection. Further success ensued as nine of eleven other cases where carbolic acid was used to treat wounds showed no signs of infection. In 1867, three articles written by Lister were published in Londons weekly medical journal, The Lancet. The articles outlined Listers method of antiseptic treatment based on the germ theory. In August of 1867, Lister announced at the Dublin meeting of the British Medical Association that no deaths associated with blood poisoning or gangrene had occurred since antiseptic methods had been fully employed in his wards at Glasgows Royal Infirmary. Later Life and Honors In 1877, Lister assumed the chair of Clinical Surgery at Kings College in London and began practicing at Kings College Hospital. There, he continued to research ways to improve his antiseptic methods and develop new methods for treating injuries. He popularized the use of gauze bandages for wound treatment, developed rubber drainage tubes, and created ligatures made from sterile catgut for stitching wounds. While Listers ideas of antisepsis were not immediately accepted by many of his peers, his ideas eventually gained nearly worldwide acceptance. For his outstanding achievements in surgery and medicine, Joseph Lister was ennobled a Baronet by Queen Victoria  in 1883 and  received  the title Sir Joseph Lister. In 1897, he was made Baron Lister of Lyme Regis and awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII in 1902. Death and Legacy Joseph Lister retired in 1893 following the death of his beloved wife Agnes. He later suffered a stroke, but was still able to consult on treatment for King Edward VIIs appendicitis surgery in 1902. By 1909, Lister had lost the ability to read or write. Nineteen years after the passing of his wife, Joseph Lister died on February 10, 1912 at Walmer in Kent, England. He was 84 years old. Joseph Lister revolutionized surgical practices by applying the germ theory to surgery. His willingness to experiment with new surgical techniques led to the development of antiseptic methods that focused on keeping wounds free of pathogens. While changes have been made to Listers antisepsis methods and materials, his antiseptic principles remain the foundation for todays medical practice of asepsis (total elimination of microbes) in surgery. Joseph Lister Fast Facts Full Name: Joseph ListerAlso Known As: Sir Joseph Lister, Baron Lister of Lyme RegisKnown For: First to implement antiseptic method in surgery; father of modern surgeryBorn: April 5, 1827 in Essex, EnglandParents Names: Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabella HarrisDied: February 10, 1912 in Kent, EnglandEducation: University of London, Bachelor of Medicine and SurgeryPublished Works: On a New Method of Treating Compound Fracture, Abscess, etc. with Observation on the Conditions of Suppuration (1867); On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery (1867); and Illustrations of the Antiseptic System of Treatment in Surgery (1867)Spouse Name: Agnes Syme (1856-1893)Fun Fact: Listerine mouthwash and the bacterial genus Listeria were named after Lister Sources Fitzharris, Lindsey. The Butchering Art: Joseph Listers Quest to Transform the Grisly World of Victorian Medicine. Scientific American / Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017. Gaw, Jerry L. A Time to Heal: the Diffusion of Listerism in Victorian Britain. American Philosophical Society, 1999. Pitt, Dennis, and Jean-Michel Aubin. Joseph Lister: Father of Modern Surgery. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Oct. 2012, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468637/. Simmons, John Galbraith. Doctors and Discoveries: Lives That Created Todays Medicine.  Houghton Mifflin, 2002.

Writing And Creating Real Purposes For Writing - 866 Words

Topic 8 -The development of Writing and creating real purposes for writing. A well-developed writer has a sound knowledge of key components such as, organisation, language the use of grammar and spelling. In order for young children to develop their skills in writing they need to have a variety of opportunities to see, hear, role play and have group discussions to develop their understanding. When children begin to write they can tell more complex stories then they can transcribe as they have to refine certain skills such as, forming letters, writing letters without reversals, learning to spell, writing in lines from left to right, making written word correspond to a spoken word, and correctly hold a pencil. This was seen in the textbook in an example of a five-year-old girl named Alex. Alex writes a simple line of letters strung together, however her interpretation of the letters was knowledgeable and imaginative when she read the story orally. Alex well above what she was able to communicate in written form. Did anyone else find the comparison to her written language to her spoken language as astonishing as I did? Although the comparison shocked me, after more reading it appeared to made sense that Alex had well developed writing ideas, because if we presume Alex had years of books being read aloud to her, and an exposure to a literacy filled environment it is understood how Alex has developed her vocabulary, imagination and syntax in her oral story telling abilities.Show MoreRelatedTeaching Writing Is An Exciting Time For Any Classroom Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching Writing Teaching literature is an exciting time in any classroom. New Zealand Government (n.d.) reports â€Å"New Zealand children rank relatively highly on the international literacy scales†. This shows that New Zealanders value their literacy abilities, and work hard to upkeep our reputation. 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Music and Personality free essay sample

Extraverts tend to eek out songs with heavy bass lines, while those who enjoy more complex styles such as jazz and classical music tend to be more creative and have higher IQ-scores. Why music is such a significant part of peoples identity? People may define their musical identity by wearing particular clothes, going to certain pubs, and using certain types of slang. So its not so surprising that personality should be related to musical preference. People can get defensive about what they like to listen to, as it is likely to be profoundly linked to their outlook on life.The study also demonstrates the tribal function of musical east that can explain why people often bond over music. North (scientist) noted that classical and heavy metal music both attracts listeners with similar personalities but dissimilar ages. Younger members of the personality group apparently go for heavy metal, while their older counterparts prefer classical. The study also demonstrates the tribal function of musical taste that can explain why people often bond over music. North (scientist) noted that classical and heavy metal music both attracts listeners with similar personalities but dissimilar ages. Younger members of the personality group apparently go for heavy metal, while their older counterparts prefer classical. However, both have the same basic motivation: to hear something dramatic and theatrical, a shared love of the grandiose, he said. The general public has held a stereotype of heavy metal fans being suicidal depressed and being a danger to themselves and society in general, he said, but they are quite delicate things. Aside from their age, theyre basically the same kind of person [as a classical music fan]. Lots of heavy metal fans will tell you that they also Like Wagner, because Its big, loud and brash. Theres also a sense of theater In both heavy rock and classical music, and I suspect that this is what theyre really trying to get at when they listen to that kind of music.I think that both types of music, classical and heavy metal, both have something of the spiritual about them -? thieve very dramatic -? a lot happens. The study conducted by researchers at Heritor-Watt university looked at more than 6,000 participants from all over the world. Participants were asked to rate more than 104 different musical styles in addition to offering information about aspects of their personality. Of course this helps explain why people who like the same styles of music tend to stick together, but it goes deeper than Just a similar interests thing Its almost suggests a new kind of tribalism.He described the findings as dramatic and To my mind, writing a portrait of my group, describing their tas tes and trying to reveal what kind of music they do prefer would give me a really hard time. We have something in common. Those 4 years of co-existing in the same community brought up the similar views on particular things and music is one of them. Thats why if I asked them what style of music they prefer, they would probably answer, l cant say exactly. I listen to everything that I like, to everything that is pleasant to my ear. I know those guys, most of them would answer this way, believe me. ) So Vive decided to make a test, Just there, on the spot. To find out what kind of music appeals to them more and consequently discover something new about their personal traits. Unfortunately I didnt have an opportunity to try it out, but anyway the preparation itself was useful and interesting experience for me). I have 10 tracks (songs) on the CD, each student is to decide which song appeal to him more. But mind! Only one song! The number of the song refers to the number of the style of music in the list below. 1. Pop Do you prefer to listen to the top 40 hits?Do the latest tracks from Iranian, Selene Gomez and Flow Arid make up your workout mix? If so, chances are that you also tend to be extroverted, honest and conventional. While pop music lovers are hard-working ND have high self-esteem, researchers suggests that they tend to be less creative and more uneasy. 2. Rap and Hip/Hop Are Snoop Dog and Dry. Drew more your style? In spite of the stereotype that rap lovers are more aggressive or violent, researchers have actually found no such link. Rap fans do tend to have high self-esteem and are usually outgoing. . Country Mould you rather watch CM instead of MET? Country music fans are typically hardworking, conventional and outgoing. While country songs are often centered on heartbreak, people who gravitate towards this genre tend to be very emotionally stable. 4. Rock / Heavy Metal Despite the sometimes aggressive image that rock music and heavy metal project, researchers found that fans of this style of music are usually quite gentle. They tend to be creative, but are often introverted and may suffer from low self-esteem. 5. Indies Just in caseIndependent music (often shortened to Indies music or Indies) is music produced independently from major commercial record labels or their subsidiaries, a process that may include an autonomous, Do-let-Yourself approach to recording and publishing. The term Indies is sometimes also used to describe a genre (such as Indies sock or Indies pop); as a genre term, Indies may include music that is not independently produced, and most independent music artists do not fall into a single, defined musical style or genre and usually create music that can be categorized into other genres. Do you love seeking out obscure bands and Indies artists? Fans of the Indies genre are typically introverted, intellectual and creative. According to researchers, they also tend to be less hard-working and less gentle. Passivity, anxiousness and low self- esteem are other common personality characteristics. 6. Dance Do you love the fast-paced rhythms of dance music? According to researchers, people No prefer dance music are usually outgoing and assertive. 7. Classical themselves and the world around them.They are creative and have a good sense of self-esteem. 8. Jazz, Blues and Soul People who enjoy Jazz, blues or soul music were found to be more extroverted with high self-esteem. They also tend to be very creative, intelligent and at ease. The research has also looked at income vs. music tastes, and found that higher income music loves like punchy and exciting music, whereas lower income listeners refer more relaxing music in general. Of course there will always be exceptions, but his findings were quite telling on a general level.The research also found that as a whole, people who are into music are fairly well- rounded, creative and at ease with themselves. Much of his research is described in his book . As this is the first time that this type of research has been done in a scientific way, there is still much to find out. So, the next time you are putting together a plastic to listen to during your commute or workout, consider how your personality might be reflected in your song choices.

The Ethicality of an Action Jay Gatsby

Ethics is a field of study that defines human actions and behaviors. Scholars have presented different ethical theories to explain when an action should be accepted or condoned. In our modern society, actions are ethical or unethical depending on their implications.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Ethicality of an Action Jay Gatsby specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While that is the case, very little research has been done to explore the ethicality of actions performed by characters in works of fiction such as films, novels, and television shows. In the book â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, Jay Gatsby decides to take Daisy Buchanan’s blame. This happens after Daisy kills Myrtle Wilson. Myrtle was her husband’s â€Å"mistress†. This was one of Jay’s efforts to win Daisy’s love. Jay and Daisy were lovers before he became wealthy. This paper describes Jay Gatsby’s act ion and applies the utilitarian theory to establish whether Jay’s action was ethical or not. Jay Gatsby’s Action As presented in the novel, Jay Gatsby was trying to win Daisy back because he strongly believed she was the love of his life. It was five years after Jay had lost the love of his life. At the same time, Daisy was jealous because her husband was engaged in an extramarital affair. As a result, Daisy decided to kill Tom’s mistress in an accident. The accident took place in the presence of Jay Gatsby. Because of love and desire to reunite with his lover, Jay found himself in a dilemma. It was because of the dilemma that he decided to do anything in order to retain his lover. As described in the novel, it is evident that Daisy would be in trouble after Tom realized that she had killed Myrtle. As well, it appeared that Gatsby was not sure of the possible outcome after the accident. With such kind of uncertainty and dilemma, Jay decided to take the blame on behalf of her lover. In response to the dilemma, Jay Gatsby was the prime suspect, something that led to his death. Myrtle’s husband killed Jay and eventually shot himself.Advertising Looking for assessment on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the author of the novel did not clearly explain why Jay Gatsby acted in this manner, it would be agreeable that the character was trying to save his lover. He was on the path towards achieving his dreams. At that moment, Jay Gatsby was sure of a reunion with his lover and nothing was going to take her away from him. His financial position and wealth gave Jay the courage to take the blame. He was optimistic that he would deal with the issue later. However, Jay’s attempt to reunite with Daisy is what led to his death. Assessing the Action Using Mill’s Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill is one of the ethical theorists who presented the theory of utilitarianism. According to Mill, utilitarianism is what governs human behaviors, actions, and ideas. Utilitarianism supports â€Å"actions that will result in happiness†. As well, an action is â€Å"wrong† if it results in the opposite of happiness to the people. Mill’s utilitarian theory can be used to assess the ethically of Jay Gatsby’s action as presented in the discussion above. This theory is applicable here because it helps ascertain whether the action undertaken by Gatsby is ethical or not. There are various steps involved in applying the theory to a situation or action. As described by Mill, the basic idea behind the theory is the â€Å"happiness principle†. That being the case, an action is â€Å"right† only it results in happiness. Alternatively, actions are wrong if they do not promote human happiness. The theory defines â€Å"happiness as the absence of suffering or pain†. On the other hand, the theory defines unhappin ess as â€Å"the presence of suffering†. With such considerations, it can be easier to establish whether an action is permissible or not. The use of the above steps helps individuals differentiate between a good and a bad action. An action is â€Å"good† if it results in happiness. It can be easier to use Mill’s utilitarian theory to assess Jay Gatsby’s action and conclude whether it is unethical or ethical. From the book by Scott Fitzgerald, it is notable that Jay Gatsby decided to take Daisy as his own despite the fact that she was already in marriage. According to utilitarianism, Jay’s action does not result in happiness. Daisy’s husband and other people in the society become bitter after the event.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Ethicality of an Action Jay Gatsby specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As well, Gatsby decides to take the blame for Myrtle’s death. According to the utility theory, an action is good only if it promotes happiness. However, Gatsby’s decision to do so does not produce any happiness at the very end. Instead, George Wilson kills Gatsby after guessing that he was the one having an extramarital affair with his wife. After killing Gatsby, George shoots himself thus â€Å"causing pain†. From this novel, it is evident that such deaths would not have occurred if Gatsby did not try to reunite with Daisy or take the blame for Myrtle’s death. From the above discussion and application of Mill’s utilitarian theory, it is agreeable that Jay Gatsby’s action as presented in the novel is unethical. This assessment on The Ethicality of an Action Jay Gatsby was written and submitted by user Giselle Daniels to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.